初中英语时态用法、结构等等都总结起来

初中英语时态用法、结构等等都总结起来

时态与语态
英语中的“时”是表示时间区别的动词形式,在我国,TENSE通常译为“时态”,按照传统的理解,“时态”是表示动作发生的时间和表现方式的一种动词形式.按照传统的语法,英语动词的时态为十六种.
英语中的“态”（vioce）,又译作“语态”,是一个语法范畴,它是表示主语和动词之间的语法语义关系的动词形式.英语中的动词语态有主动语态（active vioce ）和被动语态（passive voice）.主动语态用于主动分句,表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态用于被动分词,表示主语是动作的承受者.
一、英语动词的时态
时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴,它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式.动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式,动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式.将时间形式和动作方式结合起来,就构成了以下16种时态形式(以do为例)：

一 般
完 成
进 行
完 成 进 行
现 在
现在一般时
do
现在完成时
have done
现在进行时
is doing
现在完成进行时
have been doing
过 去
过去一般时
did
过去完成时
had done
过去进行时
was doing
过去完成进行时
had been doing
将 来
将来一般时
will do
将来完成时
will have done
将来进行时
will be doing
将来完成进行时
will have been doing
过去将来
过去将来一般时
would do
过去将来完成时
would have done
过去将来进行时
would be doing
过去将来完成进行时
would have been doing
【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选
掌握方法：判断动词时态的技巧
1. 根据时间状语确定时态
时间状语与时态有着极为密切的关系,以下常与各种时态连用的时间状语：
一般现在时：every day,on Sunday等；
现在进行时：now,有时句前有Look!或Listen!等词提示；
一般将来时：this Sunday,next week,tomorrow,tomorrow morning,on Friday,in＋一个时间段等；
一般过去时：yesterday,just now,last year,an hour ago,in 1985等.
2. 根据上、下文来确定时态
有些句子没有明显的时间状语,这时就可以根据上下文内容来判断时间关系,确定正确的时态.如：
—Who are you looking for?—I _________ （look） for Xiao Wang.
根据下文的语意来确定,本句应用现在进行时,答案应填am looking.
3. 根据语言习惯来确定时态,特别是在一些对话中更是如此.
二、动词的语态：
一） 掌握被动语态的结构
被动语态由“助动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成.不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be 还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致.常见的几种时态的被动语态总结如下：
1. 一般现在时的被动语态：am / is / are + Vt..(过去分词) 如：
Basketball is played throughout the world.
English is used all over the world.
2. 一般过去时的被动语态：was / were + Vt.. (过去分词)
The picture was painted two years ago
The building was built in 1990.
3. 现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are +being +done
Football is being played by students on the playground.
The flowers are being watered by the workers now.
4. 现在完成时的被动语态：have / has been + done.
The room has been cleaned.
Six English songs have been learned by Class Five.
5. 一般将来时的被动语态：will / be going to +be +done
The work will be finished tomorrow
An English speech is going to be held in the hall next week.
6. 含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词（can / may/ must…）+be + done.
Your homework must be handed in today.
More trees must be planted on the hill this year.
二） 掌握主动语态变为被动语态的方法
1. 主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语；
2. 主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式；
3. 主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构的谓语动词之后.在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时,by短语可以省略.如：
主动语态：My brother repaired that bike yesterday.
S Vt. O Adv.（时间状语）


被动语态：That bike was repaired (by my brother) yesterday.
三） 注意主动语态变为被动语态的几种特殊句型
1. 含有短语动词的被动语态
一般来说,只有及物动词才有被动语态.另外,许多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,后面也可有宾语.在变为被动语态时注意不可丢掉后面的介词或副词,常见的这类动词有：
Take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等.如：
The old people should be taken good care of in our country.
The old woman is looked after in her family.
He took off his coat and went to bed.→His coat was taken off and went to bed.
2. 含有双宾语的动词的被动语态
含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时,应将其中一个宾语改为被动结构的主语,另一个宾语仍保留在原处.一般有两种情况：
1）一是把间接宾语（指人）变为主语,直接宾语（指物）不变.如：
My uncle will give me a computer next year.→
I will be given a computer (by my uncle) next year.
2）二是把直接宾语变为主语,间接宾语不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时也加for.如：
My father gave me a new book on my birthday.→
A new book was give (by my father ) on my birthday.
3. 带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态
带有复合宾语（宾语和宾语补足语）的主动语态变为被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动语态的主语,原来的宾语补足语不动.同时,如果宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式,变为被动语态时,必须加上不定式符号to,这类动词有make, let, see, hear, watch等.如：
We find English very useful. →English is found useful.
I often hear her sing in her room.→ She is often heard to sing in her room.
The boss made his workers finish the jobs on time.→ His workers were made to finish the jobs on time.
4. 有的动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义,这类动词有：wash, sell, smell, taste, sound, feel, 等.如：
The books sell well. 书很畅销.
The food tastes good. 食物偿起好吃.