英语翻译Gender Matters in Explaining Effects of Aggregate Shocks

英语翻译
Gender Matters in Explaining Effects of Aggregate Shocks
It is clear from the review of the evidence that aggregate economic shocks do not have homogenous effects on the poor.Gender matters in explaining differential effects,both in terms of the direct or first-round effects of the economic shock and in terms of the coping strategies of households,or second-round effects.But these gender differences vary across countries and stages of development.Increased labor force participation for women is a robust response across countries,except for Brazil,where both added- and discouraged-worker effects appeared,and for the Republic of Korea,where women withdrew from the labor force.In the United States,over the 20th century,the magnitude of the added-worker effect appears to have diminished over time (Lundberg 1985; Maloney 1991; Moehling 2001).Juhn and Potter (2007) suggest that this diminished added-worker effect could be attributed to a sizeable increase in women’s attachment to the labor force,so that they are affected as much as their husbands,and to the availability of social insurance such as unemployment or disability benefits.Additional evidence presented here suggests that added-worker effects prevail in low-income countries and among low-income households,while discouraged-worker effects prevail among high-income countries and high-income households.The recent global crisis,however,may alter these predictions,because for the first time in history,as a result of the contraction in global demand,women in low-income countries may be laid off from jobs and the informal economy may be equally affected and cease to be a safety net for the poor.

很明显的审查的证据表明,总体经济冲击对穷人没有同质的影响.性别问题在解释微分效应,无论是直接或第一轮经济冲击的影响和家庭的应对策略,或第二轮效应.但这些性别差异不同国家和发展阶段.增加女性劳动力的参与是一个健壮的各国的反应,除了巴西,添加和丧志工人效应出现,和韩国,女性退出了劳动力.在美国,在20世纪,额外工人效应的大小似乎随着时间的减少(Lundberg 1985;马宏升moehle 1985;1985).Juhn波特(2007)表明,这种减少额外工人效应可能归因于大量增加女性劳动力的附件,以便他们影响她们的丈夫,和可用性的社会保险,如失业或残疾福利.这里给出额外的证据表明,额外工人效应在低收入国家和低收入家庭,而丧志工人效应主导的高收入国家和高收入家庭.最近的全球金融危机,然而,可能改变这些预测,因为历史上第一次,由于全球需求萎缩,女性在低收入国家可能下岗就业和非正规经济可能同样影响和为穷人不再是一个安全网.