英语翻译Fate and Personal ResponsibilityAnother important variab

英语翻译
Fate and Personal Responsibility
Another important variable affecting communication across cultures is fate and personal responsibility.This refers to the degree to which we feel ourselves the masters of our lives,versus the degree to which we see ourselves as subject to things outside our control.Another way to look at this is to ask how much we see ourselves able to change and maneuver,to choose the course of our lives and relationships.Some have drawn a parallel between the emphasis on personal responsibility in North American settings and the landscape itself.The North American landscape is vast,with large spaces of unpopulated territory.The frontier mentality of "conquering" the wilderness,and the expansiveness of the land stretching huge distances,may relate to generally high levels of confidence in the ability to shape and choose our destinies.
Now consider places in the world with much smaller territory,whose history reflects repeated conquest and harsh struggles:Northern Ireland,Mexico,Israel,Palestine.In these places,there is more emphasis on destiny's role in human life.In Mexico,there is a legacy of poverty,invasion,and territorial mutilation.Mexicans are more likely to see struggles as inevitable or unavoidable.Their fatalistic attitude is expressed in their way of responding to failure or accident by saying "ni modo" ("no way" or "tough luck"),meaning that the setback was destined.
This variable is important to understanding cultural conflict.If someone invested in free will crosses paths with someone more fatalistic in orientation,miscommunication is likely.The first person may expect action and accountability.Failing to see it,they may conclude that the second is lazy,obstructionist,or dishonest.The second person will expect respect for the natural order of things.Failing to see it,they may conclude that the first is coercive or irreverent,inflated in his ideas of what can be accomplished or changed.

命运观与个人责任感
另一个影响跨文化交际的重要变量就是命运观与个人责任感.这是指在多大程度上我们感觉自己是生活的主人,与之相对的是,我们在多大程度上把自己看作是我们无法控制的事物的奴仆.另一种考虑这个问题的方法是问问自己,我们有多大能力去改变、去操控,去选择我们生活的历程和与人的关系.有些人认为,北美背景下是个人责任感和北美地貌的本身是一样重要的.北美大陆是一块广阔无垠、地广人稀的土地,垦荒者的那种“征服”荒野的精神和无限延伸的广阔的土地使我们普遍地深信,我们有能力去塑造和选择自己的命运.
现在,我们来想一想世界上领土非常狭小的国家：北爱尔兰、墨西哥、以色列、巴勒斯坦,它们的历史无不反映出不断征服和艰苦的斗争.在这些地方,人们更加注重命运在人类生活中的作用.墨西哥这块土地历来贫穷,屡遭侵略,领土残缺,因而墨西哥人更可能把抗争看作是不可避免的.他们的宿命观体现在他们对失败或意外的反应中,他们总是说“ni modo”（“没法子”、“命不好”）,言下之意,他们的挫折是命中注定的.
这个变量对于理解文化冲突是有重要意义的.当一个满怀自由意志的人遇到了一个心负宿命观的人时,他们就很可能产生误解.前者可能期望对方有积极的行动和责任感,一旦看不到这些,他可能认为,后者是懒散的,是碍手碍脚的人,是不诚实的人.而后者会希望对方能够尊重万物自然的法则,如果看不到这一点,他会得出结论,前者是蛮横无礼的,自负于自己的欲望和能力之中.