高一化学人教版所有化学方程式总结
来源:学生作业帮 编辑:搜搜做题作业网作业帮 分类:化学作业 时间:2024/06/24 15:51:07
化学方程式总结
![高一化学人教版所有化学方程式总结](/uploads/image/z/17989145-17-5.jpg?t=%E9%AB%98%E4%B8%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%99%E7%89%88%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93)
解题思路: 根据高中化学教材及本人的教学经验进行归纳总结。
解题过程:
化学方程式大全 一、非金属单质
(F2、Cl2、 O2、S、N2、P、C、Si) (1)、氧化性 F2 + H2 = 2HF (冷暗处 爆炸) F2 +Xe(过量)=XeF2(产物为白色) 2F2(过量)+Xe=XeF4(产物为白色) nF2 +2M=2MFn (表示大部分金属) 2F2 +2H2O=4HF+O2 F2 +2NaX=2NaX+Cl2(熔融,不能是溶液) Cl2 +H2 =2HCl (光照或点燃) 3Cl2 +2P
2PCl3 Cl2 +PCl3
PCl5 Cl2 +2Na
2NaCl 3Cl2 +2Fe
2FeCl3 Cl2 +2FeCl2 =2FeCl3 Cl2+Cu
CuCl2 2Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl2 +2NaI =2NaCl+I2 5Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl
Cl2 +Na2S=2NaCl+S↓ Cl2 +H2S=2HCl+S↓ Cl2+SO2 +2H2O=H2SO4 +2HCl Cl2 +H2O2 =2HCl+O2 2O2 +3Fe
Fe3O4 O2+K
KO2 S+H2
H2S 2S+C
CS2 S+Fe
FeS S+2Cu
Cu2S 3S+2Al
Al2S3 S+Zn
ZnS N2+3H2
2NH3 N2+3Mg
Mg3N2 N2+6Na=2Na3N P4+6H2
4PH3 (2)还原性 S+O2
SO2 S+6HNO3(浓)=H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O 3S+4 HNO3(稀)=3SO2↑+4NO↑+2H2O N2+O2=2NO(放电) 4P+5O2
P4O10(常写成P2O5) 2P+3X2=2PX3 (X表示F2、Cl2、Br2) PX3+X2=PX5 P4+20HNO3(浓)=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O C+2F2=CF4 C+2Cl2=CCl4 2C+O2(少量)
2CO C+O2(足量)
CO2 C+CO2
2CO C+H2O
CO+H2(生成水煤气) 2C+SiO2
Si+2CO(制得粗硅) Si(粗)+2Cl2
SiCl4 (SiCl4+2H2
Si(纯)+4HCl) Si(粉)+O2
SiO2 Si+C
SiC(金刚砂) Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2↑ (3)歧化 Cl2+H2O=HCl+HclO (加酸抑制歧化、加碱或光照促进歧化) Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O 3Cl2+6NaOH=5NaCl+NaClO3+3H2O 2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O 3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓)=5KCl+KClO3+3H2O 3S+6NaOH
2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O 4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO2 * 11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4 3C+CaO
CaC2+CO↑ 3C+SiO2
SiC+2CO↑ 二、金属单质 (Na、Mg、Al、Fe) (1)还原性 2Na+H2=2NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na2O+O2
2Na2O2 2Na+O2=Na2O2 2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸) 2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2↑ 2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2 4Na+TiCl4(熔融)=4NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2=MgCl2 Mg+Br2=MgBr2 2Mg+O2
2MgO Mg+S=MgS Mg+2H2O=Mg(OH)2+H2↑ 2Mg+TiCl4(熔融)=Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbCl(熔融)=MgCl2+2Rb 2Mg+CO2
2MgO+C 2Mg+SiO2
2MgO+Si Mg+H2S=MgS+H2 Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2↑ 2Al+3Cl2
2AlCl3 4Al+3O2
2Al2O3(钝化) 4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg 4Al+3MnO2
2Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3
Al2O3+2Cr 2Al+Fe2O3
Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeO
Al2O3+3Fe 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2↑ 2Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑ 2Al+6H2SO4(浓)
Al2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O (Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化) Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2↑ 2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3 Fe+I2
FeI2 Fe+S
FeS 3Fe+4H2O(g)
Fe3O4+4H2 Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2↑ Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2 (铁在酸性环境下、不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡 Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn) 三、非金属氢化物 (HF、HCl、H2O、H2S、NH3) (1)还原性 4HCl(浓)+MnO2
MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O 4HCl(g)+O2
2Cl2+2H2O 16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O 14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O 2H2O+2F2=4HF+O2 2H2S+3O2(足量)=2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量)=2S+2H2O 2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(浓)=S↓+SO2+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S↓+2NO+4H2O 5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH 2NH3+3CuO
3Cu+N2+3H2O 2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl 4NH3+3O2(纯氧)
2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O2
4NO+6H2O 4NH3+6NO
5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO) NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 4NaH+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+2H2 CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H2↑ (2)酸性 4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O (此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量) 2HF+CaCl2=CaF2↓+2HCl H2S+Fe=FeS+H2↑ H2S+CuCl2=CuS↓+2HCl H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S↓+2HNO3 H2S+HgCl2=HgS↓+2HCl H2S+Pb(NO3)2=PbS↓+2HNO3 2NH3+2Na=2NaNH2+H2 (NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3) (3)碱性 NH3+HCl=NH4Cl(白烟) NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白烟) 2NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4 NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3↓+NH4Cl (侯氏制碱法) (此反应用于工业制备小苏打、苏打) (4)不稳定性 2HI
H2+I2 2H2O
2H2↑+O2↑ 2H2O2=2H2O+O2↑ H2S
H2+S 四、非金属氧化物 (1)低价态的还原性 2SO2+O2
2SO3 2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4 (这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应) SO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl SO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr SO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HI SO2+NO2=SO3+NO 2NO+O2=2NO2 NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O (用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2) 2CO+O2
2CO2 CO+CuO
Cu+CO2 3CO+Fe2O3
2Fe+3CO2 CO+H2O
CO2+H2 (2)氧化性 SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2O SO3+2KI=K2SO3+I2 NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH (不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2) 4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O 2Mg + CO2
2MgO+C (CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg、Ca、Ba、Na、K等燃烧的火灾) SiO2+2H2
Si+2H2O SiO2+2Mg
2MgO+Si (3)与水的作用 SO2+H2O=H2SO3 SO3+H2O=H2SO4 3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO N2O5+H2O=2HNO3 P2O5+H2O(冷)=2HPO3 P2O5+3H2O(热)=2H3PO4 (P2O5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂) P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)=2H3PO4+3SO3 CO2+H2O=H2CO3 (4)与碱性物质的作用 SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4)2SO3 SO2+ (NH4)2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO3 (这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2、再用H2SO4处理 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2↑ 生成的硫酸铵作化肥、SO2循环作原料气) SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3↓+H2O (不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别) SO3+MgO=MgSO4 SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+H2O CO2+2NaOH(过量)=Na2CO3+H2O CO2(过量)+NaOH=NaHCO3 CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)=CaCO3↓+H2O 2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HCO3)2 CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3 CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3 SiO2+CaO
CaSiO3 SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O (常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃) SiO2+Na2CO3
Na2SiO3+CO2↑ SiO2+CaCO3
CaSiO3+CO2↑ 五、金属氧化物 (1)低价态的还原性 6FeO+O2
2Fe3O4 FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2O (2)氧化性 Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O (此反应用于制备Na2O) MgO、Al2O3几乎没有氧化性、很难被还原为Mg、Al。一般通过电解熔融态的MgCl2和Al2O3制Mg和Al. Fe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O (制还原铁粉) Fe3O4+4H2
3Fe+4H2O (3)与水的作用 Na2O+H2O=2NaOH 2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2↑ (此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2 ;2H2O2=2H2O+O2↑. H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应BaO2+H2SO4(稀)=BaSO4+H2O2) MgO+H2O=Mg(OH)2 (缓慢反应) (4)与酸性物质的作用 Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4 Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3 Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O 2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2 Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)=Na2SO4+H2O2 MgO+SO3=MgSO4 MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2O Al2O3+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2O (Al2O3是两性氧化物Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O) FeO+2HCl=FeCl2+3H2O Fe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O Fe3O4+8HCl(浓)
FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O 六、含氧酸 (1)氧化性 4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HCl HClO3+HI=HIO3+HCl 3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl HClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HCl HClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2↑ (氧化性HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4、但浓、热的HClO4氧化性很强) 2H2SO4(浓)+C
CO2 ↑ +2SO2↑+2H2O 2H2SO4(浓)+S=3SO2↑+2H2O H2SO4(浓)、 HNO3(浓)+Fe(Al) 室温或冷的条件下钝化 6H2SO4(浓)+2Fe=Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2O 2H2SO4(浓)+Cu
CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O H2SO4(浓)+2HBr
SO2+Br2+2H2O H2SO4(浓)+2HI
SO2+I2+2H2O H2SO4(稀)+Fe=FeSO4+H2↑ 2H2SO3+2H2S=3S↓+2H2O 4HNO3(浓)+C
CO2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O 6HNO3(浓)+S=H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O 5HNO3(浓)+P=H3PO4+5NO2↑+H2O 6HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O 4HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O 30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O 36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O 30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O (2)还原性 H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX (X表示Cl2、Br2、I2) 2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4 H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2O 5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O H2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl (3)酸性 H2SO4(浓) +CaF2=CaSO4+2HF↑ H2SO4(浓)+NaCl
NaHSO4+HCl↑ H2SO4(浓) +2NaCl![](http://img.wesiedu.com/upload/e/0b/e0bcafe2b2648d724186f5690f47ea52.png)
Na2SO4+2HCl H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3
NaHSO4+HNO3↑(微热) 3H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2=3CaSO4+2H3PO4 2H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2=2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2 3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3 2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑ (用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体) 4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2=3Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙) H3PO4(浓)+NaBr=NaH2PO4+HBr H3PO4(浓)+NaI=NaH2PO4+HI (4)不稳定性 2HClO=2HCl+O2↑(见光或受热分解) 4HNO3=4NO2↑+O2↑+2H2O(见光或受热分解) H2SO3=H2O+SO2 H2CO3=H2O+CO2 H4SiO4=H2SiO3+H2O 七、碱 (1)低价态的还原性 4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)3 (2)与酸性物质的作用 2NaOH+SO2(少量)=Na2SO3+H2O NaOH+SO2(足量)=NaHSO3 2NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O 2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O 2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2O NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O NaOH+H2S(足量)=NaHS+H2O 2NaOH+H2S(少量)=Na2S+2H2O 3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl NaOH+Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2O NaOH+NH4Cl
NaCl+NH3↑+H2O Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3+H2O Al(OH)3+NH4Cl 不溶解 (3)不稳定性 Mg(OH)2
MgO+H2O 2Al(OH)3
Al2O3+3H2O 2Fe(OH)3
Fe2O3+3H2O Cu(OH)2
CuO+H2O 八、盐 (1)氧化性 2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl2 2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2 (用于雕刻铜线路版) 2FeCl3+Zn=2FeCl2+ZnCl2 2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓ 2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2 FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2 (2)还原性 2FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3 3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO+3S↓+4H2O 3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)=3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O 2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4 (3)与碱性物质的作用 MgCl2+2NH3·H2O=Mg(OH)2↓+NH4Cl AlCl3+3NH3·H2O=Al(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl FeCl3+3NH3·H2O=Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl (4)与酸性物质的作用 Na3PO4+HCl=Na2HPO4+NaCl Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaCl NaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaCl Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2 3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl 3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl 3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑ 3NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑ 3Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑ 3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3↓ (5)不稳定性 Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S↓+SO2↑+H2O NH4Cl=NH3+HCl NH4HCO3=NH3+H2O+CO2 2KNO3=2KNO2+O2 2Cu(NO3)2
2CuO+4NO2↑+O2↑ 2KMnO4
K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑ 2KClO3
2KCl+3O2↑ 2NaHCO3
Na2CO3+H2O+CO2↑ Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3+H2O+CO2↑ CaCO3
CaO+CO2↑ MgCO3
MgO+CO2↑ 九、其他方程式 1、AlCl3 + 4NaOH = NaAlO2 + 3NaCl +2H2O 2、Al4C3 + 12H2O = 4Al(OH)3↓ + 3CH4↑ (碳化物 氮化物的水解)
3、3K2MnO4 + 2CO2 = 2KMnO4 + MnO2↓+ 2K2CO3
4、AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl↓ + NaNO3 2AgCl=2Ag + Cl2↑(见光或受热) 5、2Br2 + 3Na2CO3 + H2O = 2NaHCO3 + 2NaBrO + 2NaBr + CO2↑
Br2 + NaHCO3 = NaBr + HBrO + CO2↑ 6、2FeCl3 + SO2 + 2H2O = 2FeCl2 + H2SO4 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2SO4 = BaSO4↓ + 2HCl 7、Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 4H2O 8、4KO2 + 2CO2 = 2K2CO3 + 3O2
9、SOCl2 + H2O = 2HCl + SO2↑
10、HIO + HCl = ICl + H2O HIO + NaOH = NaIO + H2O
11、NH2Cl + H2O = NH3 + HClO
12、Cu2(OH)2CO3 + 4CH3COOH =2(CH3COO)2Cu + CO2↑+ 3H2O
(CH3COO)2Cu + Fe = Cu + (CH3COO)2Fe
13、6NO + 4NH3
5N2 + 6H2O
14、3BrF3 + 5H2O = 9HF + HBrO3 + O2↑+ Br2 15、As2O3 + 6Zn + 12HCl = 2AsH3 ↑ + 6ZnCl2 + 3H2O
16、3As2S3 + 28HNO3 + 4H2O = 6H3AsO4 + 9H2SO4 + 28NO↑
17、Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O = 2NaHSO3 2NaHSO3
Na2SO3 + SO2↑ + H2O
18、P2O5 + 2NaOH = 2NaPO3 + H2O P2O5 + 6NaOH = 2Na3PO3 + 3H2O
19、3Na2S + As2S5 = 2Na3AsS4 Na2S + SnS2 = Na2SnS3
20、(CN)2 + 2H2S →
21、(SCN)2 + 2NaOH = NaSCN + NaSCNO + H2O
22、HCl + KOH = KCl + H2O 2HI + PbO = PbI2 + H2O
23、P4(固) + 5O2(气) = P4O10(固) + 4Q kJ
24、S(固) + O2(气) = SO2(气) △H== - 296 kJ/mol
25、2H2(气) + O2(气) = 2H2O(液) △H== - 511.9 kJ/mol
26、C2H6O(液) + 3O2(气) = 2CO2 + 3H2O(液) + 2Q
27、4Al(固) + 3O2(气) = 2Al2O3(固) △H== - 3349.3 kJ
28、3Fe2+ + NO3― + 4H+ = 3Fe3+ + NO↑ + 2H2O
29、2S2― + SO32― +6H+ = 3S↓ + 3H2O
30、SiO32― + 2NH4+ = H2SiO3↓ + 2NH3
31、3H2O2 + 2CrO2― + 2OH― = 2CrO42― + 4H2O
32、Al3+ + 2SO42― + 2Ba2+ + 4OH― = 2BaSO4 ↓ + AlO2― + 2H2O
33、Fe2O3 + 6H+ +2I― = 2Fe2+ + I2 + 3H2O
34、Al3+ + 3HCO3― = Al(OH)3 ↓+ 3CO2↑
35、2H+ + [Ag(NH3)2]+ = Ag+ + 2NH4+
36、HS― + OH― = S2― + H2O
37、AsO43― + 2I― + 2H+ = AsO33― + I2 + H2O
38、Cr2O72― + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ = 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
39、2I― + Cl2 = 2Cl― + I2 I2 + SO2 + 2H2O = SO42― + 2I― + 4H+ SO42― + Ba2+ = BaSO4↓
40、2I― + 2ClO― + 4H+ = I2 + Cl2↑ + 2H2O I2 + SO32― + H2O = SO42― + 2H+ + 2I―
41、2Fe2+ + 4Br― + 3Cl2 = 2Fe3+ + 2Br2 + 6Cl―
42、2MnO4― + 5H2O2 + 6H+ = 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2↑
43、3S2― + 16BrO3― + 24OH― = 15SO42― + 16Br― + 12H2O
44、3Ca2+ + 6H2PO4― + 12OH― = Ca3(PO4)2 ↓ + 12H2O + 4PO43―
45、4H+ + NO3― + 3Fe2+ = 3Fe3+ + NO↑ + 2H2O Fe3+ + SCN― = [Fe(SCN)]2+
46、2Na + 2H2O = 2Na+ + 2OH― + H2↑ Fe2+ + 2OH― = Fe(OH)2↓
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3
47、S2O32― + 2H+ = S↓ + SO2 + H2O
48、KAl(SO4)2 == K+ + Al3+ + 2SO42―
49、NaHSO4 = Na+ + HSO4―
50、NH4HS = NH4+ + HS―
51、对KCl溶液,阳极:2Cl - 2e = Cl2↑ 阴极:2H + 2e = H2↑
对CuSO4溶液,阳极:4OH - 4e = 2H2O + O2↑ 阴极:2Cu2+ + 4e = 2Cu
52、负极:2H2 – 4e = 4H+ 正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e = 4OH―
53、负极:2Zn – 4e = 2Zn2+ 正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e = 4OH― 4OH― + 4H+ = H2O
54、负极:Zn – 2e = Zn2+ 正极: Ag2O + H2O + 2e = 2Ag + 2OH― 2NaCl + 2H2O
2NaOH + H2↑+ Cl2↑
2NO + O2 = 2NO2
2H2O2
2H2O + O2↑ 有机化学反应方程式: 1、甲烷的主要化学性质 (1)氧化反应 CH4(g)+2O2(g)
CO2(g)+2H2O(l) (2)取代反应 ![](http://img.wesiedu.com/upload/2/e3/2e362fe0bf98bbd23019808947b120f7.png)
2、乙烯的
乙烯的主要化学性质 (1)氧化反应:C2H4+3O2
2CO2+2H2O (2)加成反应
乙烯还可以和氢气、氯化氢、水等发生加成反应。 CH2=CH2 + H2
CH3CH3 CH2=CH2+HCl
CH3CH2Cl(一氯乙烷) CH2=CH2+H2O
CH3CH2OH(乙醇)
(3)聚合反应:
3、苯的主要化学性质 (1) 氧化反应 2C6H6+15O2
12CO2+6H2O (2) 取代反应 ![](http://img.wesiedu.com/upload/6/a1/6a17d10e1881a3584b982b54c084f022.png)
① + Br2
+ HBr ② 苯与硝酸(用HONO2表示)发生取代反应,生成无色、不溶于水、有苦杏仁气味、密度大于水的油状液体——硝基苯。 ![](http://img.wesiedu.com/upload/5/8e/58e1a0a9f97abb8c60e8b58ac7c458a3.png)
+ HONO2
+ H2O (3) 加成反应 用镍做催化剂,苯与氢发生加成反应,生成环己烷。
![](http://img.wesiedu.com/upload/d/d0/dd02811245e595229eaedcdee8aa409d.png)
+ 3H2
4、乙醇的重要化学性质 (1) 乙醇与金属钠的反应:2CH3CH2OH+2Na
2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑ (2) 乙醇的氧化反应 ①乙醇的燃烧 :CH3CH2OH+3O2
2CO2+3H2O ②乙醇的催化氧化反应:2CH3CH2OH+O2
2CH3CHO+2H2O 乙醛 ③乙醇在常温下的氧化反应:CH3CH2OH
CH3COOH 5、乙酸的重要化学性质 (1) 乙酸的酸性 ①乙酸能使紫色石蕊试液变红 ②乙酸能与碳酸盐反应,生成二氧化碳气体 利用乙酸的酸性,可以用乙酸来除去水垢(主要成分是CaCO3): 2CH3COOH+CaCO3
(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O+CO2↑ 乙酸还可以与碳酸钠反应,也能生成二氧化碳气体: 2CH3COOH+Na2CO3
2CH3COONa+H2O+CO2↑ 上述两个反应都可以证明乙酸的酸性比碳酸的酸性强。 (2) 乙酸的酯化反应 ①反应原理
乙酸与乙醇反应的主要产物乙酸乙酯是一种无色、有香味、密度比水的小、不溶于水的油状液体。 6、C12H22O11+H2O→C6H12O6+C6H12O6
7、油脂的重要化学性质——水解反应 (1) 油脂在酸性条件下的水解: 油脂+H2O
甘油+高级脂肪酸 (2) 油脂在碱性条件下的水解(又叫皂化反应):油脂+H2O
甘油+高级脂肪酸 蛋白质+H2O
各种氨基酸 1(苯与溴单质反应 见前) 2、 3.
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【高中化学中各种颜色所包含的物质】 1. 红色:铜、Cu2O、品红溶液、酚酞在碱性溶液中、石蕊在酸性溶液中、液溴(深棕红)、红磷(暗红)、苯酚被空气氧化、Fe2O3、(FeSCN)2+(血红) 2.橙色:、溴水及溴的有机溶液(视浓度,黄—橙) 3.黄色(1)淡黄色:硫单质、过氧化钠、溴化银、TNT、实验制得的不纯硝基苯、 (2)黄色:碘化银、黄铁矿(FeS2)、*磷酸银(Ag3PO4)工业盐酸(含Fe3+)、久置的浓硝酸(含NO2) (3)棕黄:FeCl3溶液、碘水(黄棕→褐色) 4.棕色:固体FeCl3、CuCl2(铜与氯气生成棕色烟)、NO2气(红棕)、溴蒸气(红棕) 5.褐色:碘酒、氢氧化铁(红褐色)、刚制得的溴苯(溶有Br2) 6.绿色:氯化铜溶液、碱式碳酸铜、硫酸亚铁溶液或绿矾晶体(浅绿)、氯气或氯水(黄绿色) 、氟气(淡黄绿色) 7.蓝色:胆矾、氢氧化铜沉淀(淡蓝)、淀粉遇碘、石蕊遇碱性溶液、硫酸铜溶液 8.紫色:高锰酸钾溶液(紫红)、碘(紫黑)、碘的四氯化碳溶液(紫红)、碘蒸气 【高中化学之最】 1、常温下其单质有颜色气体的元素是F、Cl 2 、单质与水反应最剧烈的非金属元素是F 3 、其最高价氧化物的水化物酸性最强的元素是Cl 4、其单质是最易液化的气体的元素是Cl 5、其氢化物沸点最高的非金属元素是 O 6、其单质是最轻的金属元素是Li 7、常温下其单质呈液态的非金属元素是Br 8、熔点最小的金属是Hg 9、其气态氢化物最易溶于水的元素是N 10、导电性最强的金属是Ag 11、相对原子质量最小的原子是H 12、人体中含量最多的元素是O 13、日常生活中应用最广泛的金属是Fe 14、组成化合物种类最多的元素是C 15、天然存在最硬的物质是金刚石 16、金属活动顺序表中活动性最强的金属是K 17、地壳中含量最多的金属元素是Al 18、地壳中含量最多的非金属元素是O 19、空气中含量最多的物质是氮气 20、最简单的有机物是甲烷 21、相同条件下密度最小的气体是氢气 22、相对分子质量最小的氧化物是水
解题过程:
化学方程式大全 一、非金属单质
(F2、Cl2、 O2、S、N2、P、C、Si) (1)、氧化性 F2 + H2 = 2HF (冷暗处 爆炸) F2 +Xe(过量)=XeF2(产物为白色) 2F2(过量)+Xe=XeF4(产物为白色) nF2 +2M=2MFn (表示大部分金属) 2F2 +2H2O=4HF+O2 F2 +2NaX=2NaX+Cl2(熔融,不能是溶液) Cl2 +H2 =2HCl (光照或点燃) 3Cl2 +2P
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3、3K2MnO4 + 2CO2 = 2KMnO4 + MnO2↓+ 2K2CO3
4、AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl↓ + NaNO3 2AgCl=2Ag + Cl2↑(见光或受热) 5、2Br2 + 3Na2CO3 + H2O = 2NaHCO3 + 2NaBrO + 2NaBr + CO2↑
Br2 + NaHCO3 = NaBr + HBrO + CO2↑ 6、2FeCl3 + SO2 + 2H2O = 2FeCl2 + H2SO4 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2SO4 = BaSO4↓ + 2HCl 7、Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 4H2O 8、4KO2 + 2CO2 = 2K2CO3 + 3O2
9、SOCl2 + H2O = 2HCl + SO2↑
10、HIO + HCl = ICl + H2O HIO + NaOH = NaIO + H2O
11、NH2Cl + H2O = NH3 + HClO
12、Cu2(OH)2CO3 + 4CH3COOH =2(CH3COO)2Cu + CO2↑+ 3H2O
(CH3COO)2Cu + Fe = Cu + (CH3COO)2Fe
13、6NO + 4NH3
![](http://img.wesiedu.com/upload/4/20/4209975c18c935fb895586b6d2e65d42.png)
14、3BrF3 + 5H2O = 9HF + HBrO3 + O2↑+ Br2 15、As2O3 + 6Zn + 12HCl = 2AsH3 ↑ + 6ZnCl2 + 3H2O
16、3As2S3 + 28HNO3 + 4H2O = 6H3AsO4 + 9H2SO4 + 28NO↑
17、Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O = 2NaHSO3 2NaHSO3
![](http://img.wesiedu.com/upload/8/d6/8d6429331612afd5e3b374337ae8d9b4.png)
18、P2O5 + 2NaOH = 2NaPO3 + H2O P2O5 + 6NaOH = 2Na3PO3 + 3H2O
19、3Na2S + As2S5 = 2Na3AsS4 Na2S + SnS2 = Na2SnS3
20、(CN)2 + 2H2S →
21、(SCN)2 + 2NaOH = NaSCN + NaSCNO + H2O
22、HCl + KOH = KCl + H2O 2HI + PbO = PbI2 + H2O
23、P4(固) + 5O2(气) = P4O10(固) + 4Q kJ
24、S(固) + O2(气) = SO2(气) △H== - 296 kJ/mol
25、2H2(气) + O2(气) = 2H2O(液) △H== - 511.9 kJ/mol
26、C2H6O(液) + 3O2(气) = 2CO2 + 3H2O(液) + 2Q
27、4Al(固) + 3O2(气) = 2Al2O3(固) △H== - 3349.3 kJ
28、3Fe2+ + NO3― + 4H+ = 3Fe3+ + NO↑ + 2H2O
29、2S2― + SO32― +6H+ = 3S↓ + 3H2O
30、SiO32― + 2NH4+ = H2SiO3↓ + 2NH3
31、3H2O2 + 2CrO2― + 2OH― = 2CrO42― + 4H2O
32、Al3+ + 2SO42― + 2Ba2+ + 4OH― = 2BaSO4 ↓ + AlO2― + 2H2O
33、Fe2O3 + 6H+ +2I― = 2Fe2+ + I2 + 3H2O
34、Al3+ + 3HCO3― = Al(OH)3 ↓+ 3CO2↑
35、2H+ + [Ag(NH3)2]+ = Ag+ + 2NH4+
36、HS― + OH― = S2― + H2O
37、AsO43― + 2I― + 2H+ = AsO33― + I2 + H2O
38、Cr2O72― + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ = 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
39、2I― + Cl2 = 2Cl― + I2 I2 + SO2 + 2H2O = SO42― + 2I― + 4H+ SO42― + Ba2+ = BaSO4↓
40、2I― + 2ClO― + 4H+ = I2 + Cl2↑ + 2H2O I2 + SO32― + H2O = SO42― + 2H+ + 2I―
41、2Fe2+ + 4Br― + 3Cl2 = 2Fe3+ + 2Br2 + 6Cl―
42、2MnO4― + 5H2O2 + 6H+ = 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2↑
43、3S2― + 16BrO3― + 24OH― = 15SO42― + 16Br― + 12H2O
44、3Ca2+ + 6H2PO4― + 12OH― = Ca3(PO4)2 ↓ + 12H2O + 4PO43―
45、4H+ + NO3― + 3Fe2+ = 3Fe3+ + NO↑ + 2H2O Fe3+ + SCN― = [Fe(SCN)]2+
46、2Na + 2H2O = 2Na+ + 2OH― + H2↑ Fe2+ + 2OH― = Fe(OH)2↓
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3
47、S2O32― + 2H+ = S↓ + SO2 + H2O
48、KAl(SO4)2 == K+ + Al3+ + 2SO42―
49、NaHSO4 = Na+ + HSO4―
50、NH4HS = NH4+ + HS―
51、对KCl溶液,阳极:2Cl - 2e = Cl2↑ 阴极:2H + 2e = H2↑
对CuSO4溶液,阳极:4OH - 4e = 2H2O + O2↑ 阴极:2Cu2+ + 4e = 2Cu
52、负极:2H2 – 4e = 4H+ 正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e = 4OH―
53、负极:2Zn – 4e = 2Zn2+ 正极:O2 + 2H2O + 4e = 4OH― 4OH― + 4H+ = H2O
54、负极:Zn – 2e = Zn2+ 正极: Ag2O + H2O + 2e = 2Ag + 2OH― 2NaCl + 2H2O
![](http://img.wesiedu.com/upload/f/d1/fd13775ad49db7c40a5daf23e970eb1b.png)
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2、乙烯的
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3、苯的主要化学性质 (1) 氧化反应 2C6H6+15O2
![](http://img.wesiedu.com/upload/2/04/204b62d05c8068ca0f10ed136b6e37b2.png)
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+ 3H2
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