英语翻译1The American system of criminal procedure is “adversari

英语翻译
1
The American system of criminal procedure is “adversarial”,with the burdens of evidence production and proof resting with the state,specifically with the prosecutor,not the judge.The judge functions as an impartial arbiter.Obstacles to the gathering and presentation of evidence have developed to prevent the state from abusing the criminal process.The common understanding is that the state has an overwhelming advantage over the accused in a criminal proceeding and that procedural protections are necessary to give the accused a fair chance to defend.In addition,some believe that the criminal process is an area in which there may be a tendency for the government unfairly to extend its power over people.The Bill of Rights has the primary vehicle to counteract these tendencies.
2
Litigation is often described as a game.Litigation are like players and judges like umpires.The litigation game is competitive and is often thoughts to have winners and losers.Its rules,like those of many other games,are difficult to understand in the abstract.They are given life and meaning by the experience of the game itself.Thus,the more we understand the phenomenon of civil litigation,the easier it will be to understand civil procedure.Litigation differs from most games,however,in at least two important respects.First,most games exist for the pleasure they give to participants.In contrast,the litigation game carries a heavy burden of justification.A second difference between litigation and most games is that games are usually not of central importance to society.In contrast,the plaintiff may be forced to play the litigation game in order to recover from a setback in life.
3
The field of torts embrace a group of civil wrongs,other than breach of contract,that interfere with person,property,reputation,or commercial or social advantage.While such an act,such as an assault,may sometimes be both a crime punishable by the state in a criminal prosecution and also a tort actionable by the victim in a suit for damages,the criminal prosecution and the damage action are quite separate and unrelated proceedings.The essential purpose of the law of torts is compensatory and,though punitive damages may occasionally be awarded,its function is distinct from that of criminal law.Conversely,criminal law is essentially punitive and an injured party is not awarded compensation in the criminal proceeding.

1
犯罪程序的美国人系统是 " 敌手的 ",藉由证据生产的负担和证明休息与那州,明确地和检察官,不那法官.当做一个无私的仲裁人的法官功能.聚集和证据的发表的障碍有发展避免那州从虐待那犯罪的程序.那通常的理解是州有一个压倒性的利益在那之上被告的在一犯罪的进行和程序的保护是必需品到给予那被告的展览会机会防护.除此之外,一些相信那犯罪的程序是不公平地可能有政府的趋向要扩充在人上的它的力量的一个区域.权利的比尔有与这些趋向背道而驰的主要车辆.
2
诉讼时常是描述为一场游戏.诉讼像运动员和像裁判员一样的法官.诉讼游戏是竞争的和想法时常将有胜利者和失败者.它的规则,像多数的其他游戏,难以了解在那摘要.他们有生活和游戏本身的经验的意义.因此,更多我们了解市民诉讼的现象,容易人它将会将了解市民的程序.诉讼不一致从大部分游戏,然而,在至少二重要的尊敬.第一,大部分游戏为他们给叁加者的快乐存在.在差别,诉讼游戏进位辩护的重负担.诉讼和大部分游戏之间的一种第二种不同是游戏通常不对社会的中央重要性.在对比,原告可能是强迫玩诉讼游戏为了要从生活的一个顿挫复原.
3
侵权行为拥抱的领域一群市民的错误,除了违约之外,那干扰人、财产,名誉,或商业广告或社会的利益.当如此的时候一个行为,如此的当做一攻击,有时可能是该罚的两者的罪行被那州在犯罪的实行方面以及一个侵权行为可起诉的由受害人在一诉讼为损害,犯罪的实行和那损害行动相当分开和无关的进行.侵权行为的法律的必要的目的是赔偿的和,虽然惩罚性损害赔偿可能有时候是颁发,它的功能是清楚的从那刑法.相反地,刑法本质上刑罚和一受伤的宴会是不颁发了犯罪的进行的酬劳.